Free Essays on The Works Of Jacob Lawrence

African American Artist Jacob Lawrence’s work entitled â€Å"Tombstones† With the Harlem Scene and culture as the primary source of encouragement, Jacob Lawrence possessed a profound understanding of black history that is not normally included in textbooks. Lawrence made exposing the reality of black history through art his life quest. His original intention was to provide African Americans with a sense of pride, accomplishment, and hope during a period in time where many African Americans were experiencing a multitude of extreme political, social economic and racial injustices. One of the most famous works of Jacob Lawrence is titled â€Å"Tombstones,† and it was done in 1942, in Harlem, New York. Lawrence was the first African American to gain recognition in the world of American art with the Migration series. The main features or characteristics of the work of art are a strong sense of family and community. â€Å"Tombstones† belongs to the Social realists Movement period of art history. Lawrence, in fact, created his own distinct style, which was a new brand of modernism, revealing topics based on personal experience of Harlem and the lives and aspirations African Americans. He liked to call his style â€Å"dynamic cubism.† In all actuality, â€Å"Tombstones† is not a completed work, in a sense. In fact, it is just a piece of the completed work that brought Jacob Lawrence to a level recognition, which is called â€Å"The Migration of the Negro Panel,† or â€Å"The Migration Series.† The series was comp iled of thirteen separate works that were placed together, that each represented different points of view about the positions of blacks. The topics were; Migration, Transition, Injustice, Struggle, Labor, Education, Discrimination, North/South, Women Workers, Family and Community (â€Å"Tombstones†), Neighborhood and Self. During his career, Lawrence gad a fascination with movies during the Depression years, which... Free Essays on The Works Of Jacob Lawrence Free Essays on The Works Of Jacob Lawrence African American Artist Jacob Lawrence’s work entitled â€Å"Tombstones† With the Harlem Scene and culture as the primary source of encouragement, Jacob Lawrence possessed a profound understanding of black history that is not normally included in textbooks. Lawrence made exposing the reality of black history through art his life quest. His original intention was to provide African Americans with a sense of pride, accomplishment, and hope during a period in time where many African Americans were experiencing a multitude of extreme political, social economic and racial injustices. One of the most famous works of Jacob Lawrence is titled â€Å"Tombstones,† and it was done in 1942, in Harlem, New York. Lawrence was the first African American to gain recognition in the world of American art with the Migration series. The main features or characteristics of the work of art are a strong sense of family and community. â€Å"Tombstones† belongs to the Social realists Movement period of art history. Lawrence, in fact, created his own distinct style, which was a new brand of modernism, revealing topics based on personal experience of Harlem and the lives and aspirations African Americans. He liked to call his style â€Å"dynamic cubism.† In all actuality, â€Å"Tombstones† is not a completed work, in a sense. In fact, it is just a piece of the completed work that brought Jacob Lawrence to a level recognition, which is called â€Å"The Migration of the Negro Panel,† or â€Å"The Migration Series.† The series was comp iled of thirteen separate works that were placed together, that each represented different points of view about the positions of blacks. The topics were; Migration, Transition, Injustice, Struggle, Labor, Education, Discrimination, North/South, Women Workers, Family and Community (â€Å"Tombstones†), Neighborhood and Self. During his career, Lawrence gad a fascination with movies during the Depression years, which...

Ethical Dilemma Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Dilemma - Case Study Example In the first scenario, Wal-Mart should not have closed the shop as a result of a unionised workforce. The company should not only be concerned about its self serving interests but it should also cater for the interests of the employers who have a right to be represented. The shop also caters for the needs of the customers who have also been affected by the closure of the shop. Therefore, it is important for the shop to take into consideration the needs and interests of the stakeholders at large rather than focusing on its interests alone. In the second scenario, the CEO of Levi Straus should not accept the Wal-Mart deal. Basically, business values should never be compromised for financial gain (Rossouw, 2004). Offering low cost jeans would be a compromise in terms of quality and this would short change the customers. Therefore, this deal should never be implemented. In the third scenario, I think Wal-Mart should not be allowed in California as a result of the fact that its presence will impact negatively on the welfare of the other residents in the area. The right course of action that should be taken is that which benefits the majority of people. In this case, this deal does not benefit the majority of the other people hence it should not be

The role of women in the Israeli army today Assignment

The role of women in the Israeli army today - Assignment Example Even though such contributions are considerably informal, they take a center play in the course of conflicts. In essence, women involvement in the military spans three thousand years into the past throughout different cultures and nations. Currently,† women in uniforms† serve in the armed forces although the majority of the combatants have predominantly been men. Women service in the military has been a controversial subject in the women welfare circles. Despite the diverse but limited roles of women in the military, their contributions in the combat have been significant. The women who have participated in the military have expressed commendable competencies that have motivated women fresh women combatants.in the American civil war, women dressed just like men and participated in the armed conflict. This paper exemplifies the contribution of women in the military activities in the current era. On May 26th, 1948, the Israeli prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, ordered for the conscription of both single and married women who were born between 1920-1930 into the Israeli Defense Forces. The women served under the umbrella body of Women Corpse and were tasked with the responsibilities such as nursing, signal operations, driving, clerical work, and cooking for the militants. Some of the early women soldiers to be conscripted into the Israeli Defense Forces include Yael Rom, who was the first female pilot to be trained by the Israeli Air Force and later conscripted in 1951. In September 1969, Hava Inbar was appointed the judge of the military court in Haifa. Hava Inbar said, â€Å"I am glad that I was appointed; it proves that the Israeli Defence Force leaves almost all doors open for its female soldiers.† This statement is an assertion of the milestone involvement in the Israeli military. Before the establishment of the Israeli state, women correctly served in combat roles in the

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo's David with Bernini's version Essay

Compare and Contrast Michelangelo's David with Bernini's version - Essay Example This statue lacks depth, since all the focus is on the frontal view. David’s expression is cool and enigmatic, which distances the viewer and encourages contemplation of his beauty rather than empathy with the story of David and Goliath. Bernini’s David, on the other hand, is leaning to one side, in a bent position. It is as if he is moving through time, having just picked up the stone, and now aiming it in his sling and about to fire it at Goliath. The viewer is drawn his facial expression, which is contorted in quite extreme emotion, and the sweeping line from his left ankle to his head. There is no mistaking a frown of concentration around his eyes and a firm determination in his downturned mouth. Bernini’s David has both arms drawn to the left, holding the sling tight, which takes him temporarily off balance. Arm and leg muscles are tensed, making the sculpture dramatic, and dynamic, almost as if he is about to step out from the podium. This is an open form sculpture which interacts with the space around it in a dramatic way, while Michelangelo’s David is static, and merely looks out from a still

ENG315 week1 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ENG315 week1 - Coursework Example In the long run, the system control could no longer work as expected and there were some managerial-worker conflicts in the company. Given an opportunity to change the flow of information in decision making at this company, I could prefer the predictive control of distributed decision making method. The system has got four key aspects, which include; the predictive mode of team decision making, the fitness function as the second aspect, thirdly there is the optimization of information structure and finally the forecast decision making requirement. This system achieves convenience by the fact that stakeholders act as both decision makers and implementers. Although all of us make decisions every day, some of the decisions are straightforward while others are complex and indirect. In business decision making, this systematic approach to decision making is essential to address critical elements that can result into timely decisions (Bhushan & Kanwal, 2004). Moreover, there is no conflict of interests because every stakeholder is involved in decision making as well as implementing. With this organization, every stakeholder is motivated to work since every contribution is considered

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology

Freuds concepts and their value for contemporary psychology Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is well known as the founder of psychoanalysis in psychiatry and is thought of by many as a key figure in psychology. Throughout his work Freud came up with numerous concepts and theories, many of which still cause a lot of debate amongst psychologists. In this essay I will discuss some of Freuds key concepts including; development of personality, personality structures and defence mechanisms. After which I will attempt to assess their significance in modern psychology and conclude whether or not I believe Freuds concepts are of value to contemporary psychology and if we should continue to look into his work. One key concept developed by Freud is the development of personality. He came up with five distinct stages, known as the psychosexual stage, to describe how our personalities develop from birth to about 18 years of age. He places particular emphasis on the development of sexual drives and how this shapes our personalities. Furthermore, each stage has a region, known as the erogenous zone, where the libidinal energy is focused. The five stages are: Oral stage (birth one year old), in this stage Freud (1901) suggests that events around feeding are the focal point of pleasure for the infant, the erogenous zone includes the lips, mouth and tongue (Maltby, Day and Macaskill; 2007). Anal stage (1year -2 years), Freud believed that bowel movement gives the baby sensual pleasure, also at this stage the child is rewarded for bladder and bowel control (Maltby et al., 2007). The anal region becomes the new erogenous zone. Phallic stage (3 years -5 years), at this stage the child starts to mature physiologically and the libidinal energy is transferred to genital region (new erogenous zone). At this stage gratification is gained from masturbation (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud thought that girls experienced what he called penis envy as they become aware that boys have penises and the do not. In addition, boys become sexually aware of their mother and start to view their father as a sexual rival (and experience castration anxiety fear of losing their penis), this is known as the Oedipal complex. Latency stage (5 years -12 years) can be seen as a resting period of the psychosexual stage. Social interactions are most important in this stage, children develop friendships with same sexed peers, as well as, identifying with the same sexed parent (Maltby et al., 2007) resulting in socialisation of gender roles. Genital stage (12 years +) as this stage puberty begins, which reawakens the libidinal energy, resulting in a more mature sexual attachment, in normal development the main sexual objects are members of the opposite sex (Maltby et al., 2007). Freud also developed the idea of personality structures. He identifies three personality structures that develop in every person, these are the; ID (present from birth), EGO and superEGO (these two form later on in development). The ID is the primitive, pleasure seeking part of the personality, it strives for immediate gratification (i.e. I want X and I want it now!). The EGO plays an important role as the mediator and is the rational aspect of our personalities (i.e. You will find a way to get X, just be patient). Finally the superEGO is the moral, guilt driven side of the personality which then becomes our conscience (i.e. You cant have X because its wrong). And finally I will talk about defence mechanisms, a well-known concept developed by Freud. Defence mechanisms can be described as the minds way of protecting itself from unacceptable or painful thoughts, as well as, conflict from the three personality structures. Freud mentions eleven defence mechanisms: Repression, denial, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, conversion reaction, phobic avoidance, displacement, regression, isolation and undoing. The two most known defences are: repression the idea that we push undesirable thoughts, feelings and impulses from our conscious mind into our unconscious in order to shield ourselves from pain and protect our self-esteem. In other words Freud saw repression as the Ego and superEGOs way of supressing the ID. Denial is simply when we refuse to face certain situations or realities as we do not find them acceptable. Cramer (1991) states that the boundaries between these two defence mechanisms are often hard to distinguish between (cited in Baumeister, Dale and Sommer Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology; 1998). The next part of the essay will aim to assess the value of some of Freuds work in contemporary psychology. The concept of personality development is solely based on how libidinal instincts shape us. Maltby, Day and Macaskill (2007), state that Freud does not meet the parsimony criteria in his explanation of the motivational basis of behaviour, Freud implies that sexual and aggressive instincts are the only motivators of human behaviour (Maltby et al., 2007). The psychosexual stages, do not fully explain human behaviour as they are highly reductionist and ignore the complexity of the human mind, as well as, being bias in only emphasising one aspect as the basis of all behaviour, therefore, it can be said that they are of little value to contemporary psychology. Freud also identified problems that may occur as a result of fixation in anyone of the five psychosexual stages. He then developed treatment, known as free association, which would allow the patients to resolve their emotional conflicts, which involved catharsis, where the patients discharged their emotions by speaking freely about anything they want, leading to resolution of these issues. This method has been widely reviewed and is still used in contemporary psychology. Greenberg (2002) concluded that emotional arousal and processing within a supportive therapeutic relationship is the core element for positive change in therapy. He emphasized the cognitive aspect of catharsis and the need to understand and make sense of emotions. (Esta Powell; 2007). Free association is replicable making it reliable and has many applications to contemporary psychology making it valid. Conversely, much of Freuds work on the psychosexual stages was largely based on his interpretations of observations of young children or self-reports of dreams and thoughts. Freud used Little Hans primarily to support his theory of the Oedipus complex (Jennifer Stuart; 2007). Critics contend that Freuds theory is lacking in empirical evidence and relies too heavily on therapeutic achievements, whereas others assert that even Freuds clinical data are flawed, inaccurate, and selective at best (Beystehner; 1998). Thus, the validity of his work is very much in question. As these concepts, such as the psychosexual stages, cannot be operationalized and tested they are not falsifiable and are of little relevance to contemporary research. Many of Freuds theories are simple in a way that they are not comprised of many concepts, for example, his theory on personality structure consists of three clearly definable structures. In this sense his work can be said to be parsimonious and has formed a basis for further research. According to Dangleish and Power (1999) the personality structure purposed by Freud has face validity as we are all aware of anxiety and conflicts in everyday life decision making (as cited in Maltby, Day and Macaskill, Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 34). Face validity implies that there is support for his theory on personality structures, and so this theory can be operationalized and tested to see how personalities coexist within us and data from these tests can have practical applications. Furthermore, Freuds work on defence mechanisms was widely accepted and leads to follow up research, such as that by Brewin and Andrews. After reviewing this area of psychology, Brewin and Andrews (1998) concluded that 20% to 60% of therapy patients who had been victims of sexual abuse in their childhood reported not being able to recall being abused for large periods of time in their lives (cited in Maltby et al., Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence; 2007: 36,37). This shows us that the mind does use methods, such as repression, to protect itself from indecent memories. This shows falsifiability as it is replicable and has practical applications in life which can be used and developed in contemporary psychology. Freuds work is very controversial and has provoked enormous debate, much of which has led to the development of novel ideas in psychology. Not only has his work been expanded upon and developed (e.g. to better treatment of mental patients) but many breakthroughs have been made in trying to disprove his theories. Although many of Freuds theories are subjective and based on his interpretation of dreams and thoughts which cannot be empirically tested, he has made many valuable contributions to psychology. These include the use of defence mechanisms and the idea of personality structures, both of which have supporting evidence from contemporary psychologists, e.g. Brewin and Andrews (1998) work supports the concept of defence mechanisms. As well as this he created clinical practice of psychoanalysis for treating psychopathology, developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and concluded dreams are the primary insight into the unconscious mind. All of these have ha d practical applications and have formed the foundation of contemporary psychology. Thus, I believe that it is potent that Freuds theories and concepts continue to be revised. Referencing: Maltby, J., Day, L Macaskill, A. (2007). Personality, Individual Differences and Intelligence (2nd Ed.). London: Prentice Hall Baumeister, R.F., Dale, K. Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian Defence mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction Formal, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation and Denial. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Stuart, J. (2007). Little Hans and Freuds Self-Analysis: A Biographical View of Clinical Theory in the Making, 55, (3), 799-819. Beystehner, K. M. (1998). Psychoanalysis: Freuds revolutionary approach to human personality. Retrieved October 22, 2010, from Personality Papers Web site: http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html Powell, E. (2007). Catharsis in Psychology and Beyond: A Historical overview. Visited on October 25, 2010, Web site: http://www.primalmatters.com/images/Catharsis%20.pdf

Essay --

Democratic societies are those who allow individuals to participate in the decision making process, in addition to recognizing and practicing the human rights. The majority of the democratic societies recognize the right to vote as a fundamental human right in accordance with the European Union on Human rights act 1998 protocol 1, part 2, article 3, which acknowledges the right of each individual to vote and without excluding any particular person. Despite this, many countries including the United Kingdom, embargo prisoners from practicing this right and believe in their disenfranchisement. Currently, there is an on going debate concerning the United Kingdom’s breach of the Humans right act in light of the case of Hirst v United Kingdom (74025/01) which has forced the UK to reconsider its position. Banning prisoners from voting contradicts democracy and violations the human rights act. This paper will focus on analyzing a number of different arguments concerning this matter. The United Kingdom’s stance on the disenfranchisement of prisoners was clearly expressed in the Representati...